英國將建全球最大生物質能發(fā)電廠
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World’s Biggest Biomass Power Plant For The UK
THE largest, clean electricity plant on Earth is being constructed to provide green power for a huge area, helping the successful expansion of the United Kingdom’s renewable energy policy to reduce carbon emissions.
The plan for a 350-megawatt power plant - fuelled by renewable wood chips - was announced by Energy Secretary John Hutton who said: “This will be the biggest biomass plant in the world, generating enough clean electricity to power half of the homes in Wales.
“It joins eight major renewables projects already given the green light in the past 12 months and is another important step towards the low-carbon economy envisaged by the Prime Minister,” added Mr Hutton who is Secretary of State of the Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform (BERR).
The 400 million pounds facility will be built on disused harbour land in Port Talbot, South Wales, and will be able to produce baseload electricity - 24/7, all-year-round power - over its expected 25 years of life.
London-based Prenergy Power plans to build on a brownfield site, making use of vacant industrial land close to Port Talbot’s deepwater harbour. The installation has the potential to create up to 550 jobs. This includes the 400 staff that would be part of the building process and the 150 full-time posts required to run the plant.
When completed, the facility will produce about 70 per cent of Wales’ 2010 renewable electricity target. Prenergy says it believes the power plant will cut carbon dioxide emissions by 3.5m tonnes a year.
Wood chips brought by ship from sustainable forestry plantations in the United States, Russia and the Ukraine will be used to generate electricity to be sent to the national electricity grid by underground cable. “The process would be totally sustainable with all harvested trees being replanted, said Prenergy director Matthew Carse.
“Everything about this project is designed to be as green as possible. No rainforest will be cut down and the wood chip will be brought in by boat, so that no trucks are needed and which would have caused increased congestion in Port Talbot and surrounding areas.”
Traditionally, companies considering such power stations have looked to build the plants near large forests. Carse added: “Large-scale ship transport is highly efficient, emitting 25 times less carbon per mile than road transport. The plant represents an important opportunity for the long-term use of Port Talbot’s deepwater harbour, one of only four in the UK.”
He said the power station process would not produce bad odours and the only discharge seen would be water vapour. It would have a 100-metre chimney stack and the tallest building would be 65m. The effect on air quality had been independently assessed and would be “below insignificant”.
Prenergy expects to start building by early 2008 and be on line in early 2010. A significant proportion of the 400m pounds investment will go to local manufacturing companies because relatively traditional boiler construction technology - similar to coal-fired power stations - will be used. There will be equipment maintenance costs of 8-10m pounds a year and a large part should go to local suppliers.
The Port Talbot renewable energy plant is the latest in a series of similar consents cleared by the Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform (DBERR). Six offshore wind farms have been given the go-ahead, alongside an onshore wind farm in Devon and a wave-hub marine energy project to be sited off the coast of north Cornwall (both in south-west England).
A Prenergy Power spokesman said the company is owned “by a group of power and energy professionals with a long experience of the biomass sector”. As well as burning wood chips, willow tree cuttings and sawdust, biomass power stations can use agricultural waste such as straw and even poultry manure to create electricity.
Biomass is expected to feature with wind power as the main winners under rules in the UK that will require energy companies to buy 10 per cent of their supplies from green sources by 2010. This could create a renewables market worth 750 million pounds by then.
Green waste is already used to produce small amounts of electricity for UK homes; the biomass industry believes the UK will need to build about 1,000MW of green power stations, up from 100MW today, if it is to meet its target of 10 per cent of electricity from renewable sources.
An industry spokesman said: “If biomass takes off, farmers could plant thousands of acres of land with energy crops such as willows and miscanthus, or elephant grass, a bamboo-type grass which would be harvested to fuel small power stations.”
Up to now, the UK’s largest biomass power producer is one of three poultry litter stations and producing 38.5MW at Thetford, eastern England - enough electricity for 93,000 homes, providing a welcome disposal solution for 400,000 tonnes of manure produced each year by the poultry industry.
Eastern England is also the home of the largest straw-fired power station in the world. The 38 megawatt (MW) Ely facility in Cambridgeshire consumes 400,000 bales of straw to provide electricity for 80,000 homes in the area.
Another wood-burning power station being completed near Lockerbie, Scotland, is expected to come on line by end-2007 to produce 44MW and meet the needs of 70,000 homes
The development is being carried out by the UK arm of the German utility company E.ON, a major UK energy supplier that already operates hydro, wind and biomass power stations in Europe.
英國將建全球最大生物質能發(fā)電廠
正在建設中的全球最大清潔能源發(fā)電廠可以為英國廣大區(qū)域內的用戶提供綠色電力，這有助于英國可再生能源政策的成功推廣，從而降低二氧化碳排放。
英國能源大臣約翰•赫頓曾宣布這個電廠的計劃發(fā)電能力為350兆瓦，而且使用可再生能源――木屑作為發(fā)電燃料，他說：“這將是世界上最大的生物質能發(fā)電廠，其所產(chǎn)生的電量可為威爾士50％的家庭提供充足的清潔電力?！?/P>
赫頓先生是英國商業(yè)、企業(yè)和改革部（BERR）大臣，他又補充說：“這個項目將最近12個月內批準的8個主要的可再生能源項目連接了起來，也是實現(xiàn)英國首相提出的低碳經(jīng)濟目標的另一重要步驟?！?/P>
該項目斥資4億英鎊，將建在威爾士南部塔爾波特港廢棄的海港上，而且可在其預期25 年的使用年限內全年365 天、每天24 小時地連續(xù)進行基底負荷供電。
倫敦的Prenergy能源公司計劃在一處舊址上建設電廠，即利用緊鄰塔爾波特港深水海港空置的工業(yè)用地。整個項目的實施可以提供550個工作職位，其中建設過程中需要400名短期人員，而建成后的運作則需要150名全職工作人員。
電廠竣工后，將為威爾士實現(xiàn)2010 年可再生能源發(fā)電目標做出大約70％的貢獻。Prenergy能源公司表示該電廠每年可以減少350萬噸的二氧化碳排量。
電廠所使用的木屑全部來自美國、俄羅斯和烏克蘭的可持續(xù)林場，通過船運運抵電廠。燃燒木屑所產(chǎn)生的電能則通過地下電纜運輸?shù)絿译娋W(wǎng)。Prenergy的主管Matthew Carse說：“整個過程都是可持續(xù)的，樹木砍伐后會馬上在原地進行種植。與這個項目有關的所有事情都力求做到環(huán)保。雨林樹木不會被砍伐，木屑通過船舶來運輸，所以不會用到汽車，這樣就不會加重塔爾波特港和周邊地區(qū)的交通擁堵狀況?！?/P>
從傳統(tǒng)上來說，一個公司如果考慮建設這種發(fā)電廠的話，都會把廠址選在林場附近的地區(qū)。Carse接著說：“大規(guī)模地采用船只運輸具有很高的效率，因為每公里船運所產(chǎn)生的碳排放量只有陸路運輸?shù)亩宸种?。發(fā)電廠的建設也為長期使用塔爾波特港深水海港（英國僅有的4個深水港之一）提供了重要機遇?！?/P>
他指出，發(fā)電廠的發(fā)電過程不會產(chǎn)生有害氣味，其唯一可見的排放物就是水蒸氣。電廠會有一個100米高的大煙囪，建筑物最高達65米。電廠對空氣產(chǎn)生的影響已經(jīng)進行過了獨立評估，結果顯示是“幾乎可忽略不計”。
Prenergy期望電廠能夠在2008年初就開工建設，2010年初竣工。在4億英鎊的總投資中，有很大一部分要支付給當?shù)刂圃鞓I(yè)的公司，因為將會使用到相對傳統(tǒng)的鍋爐建造技術――與燃煤發(fā)電廠相似。每年的設備維修需要800到1,000萬英鎊，還有很大一部分要支付給當?shù)氐墓獭?/P>
在英國塔爾波特港可再生能源發(fā)電廠是英國商業(yè)、企業(yè)和改革部批準的一系列相似項目中最新的一個。此前，6所海上風力發(fā)電廠已獲批準實施，同時還批準在德文郡建設一所岸上風力發(fā)電廠，在康沃爾郡北部海面建設一個海浪中樞海洋能源項目（都在英格蘭西南部）。
A Prenergy 能源公司的一位發(fā)言人說該發(fā)電廠將為“由在生物質能領域擁有長期經(jīng)驗的電力和能源專業(yè)公司組成的團體” 所有。除了燃燒木屑、柳樹碎片和鋸屑，生物質能發(fā)電廠還可以利用農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物，如秸稈，甚至是禽糞墊草來發(fā)電。
生物質能有望與風能一起，成為英國立法規(guī)定使用的主要能源之一。英國規(guī)定，到2010年，能源公司所使用的原料中要有10％來源于綠色資源。屆時，將帶來價值7.5億英鎊的可再生能源市場。
綠色廢棄物也早已用來生產(chǎn)小規(guī)模電力，供英國家庭使用。生物質能產(chǎn)業(yè)認為，如果要達到10％電量來自可再生能源的目標，英國就需要建設總發(fā)電量在1,000兆瓦的綠色發(fā)電站，而不是在現(xiàn)有的100兆瓦上停滯不前。
一位業(yè)界發(fā)言人說：“如果生物質能被利用起來，那么農(nóng)民就可以在數(shù)千英畝的土地上種植能源作物，如柳樹、芒屬植物或象草――一種類似竹子的草，可以用作小型發(fā)電廠的燃料?！?/P>
到目前為止，英國最大的生物質能發(fā)電廠是其3個禽糞墊草發(fā)電廠中的一個，位于英格蘭東部的塞特福特，發(fā)電量是38.5兆瓦，足夠93,000個家庭使用為家禽業(yè)每年產(chǎn)生的400,000噸禽糞墊草提供了理想的解決方案。
在英格蘭東部，還有世界上最大的利用秸稈發(fā)電的電廠。這個發(fā)電量為38兆瓦的電廠位于劍橋郡的伊利，每年要消耗400,000捆的秸稈，所產(chǎn)生的電量可供該地區(qū)80,000個家庭使用。
另一個以木材為燃料的發(fā)電廠位于蘇格蘭的洛克比附近，預計2007年底完工投入使用，發(fā)電能力是44兆瓦，可供70,000個家庭使用。
開發(fā)工作正在由德國能源公司E.ON的英國分公司進行，它是英國主要的能源供應商，已經(jīng)在歐洲開展了水能、風能和生物質能發(fā)電站的運作。
