oldata
攻克語法絆腳石 穩(wěn)拿高分
2009-07-30
來源：
小編： 29
摘要：
說到雅思寫作，很多考生會(huì)不約而同地想到詞匯和語法。的確，在寫作的四項(xiàng)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，這兩項(xiàng)指標(biāo)占據(jù)了半壁江山。對(duì)于前者，考生們往往不敢怠慢，備考過程中的很大一部分時(shí)間和精力都是花在詞匯積累上的，而對(duì)于后者，卻因?yàn)閱握{(diào)、枯燥而常常被有意無意地忽視。實(shí)際上，“磨刀不誤砍柴工”，只有把“語法”這把刀磨得亮亮的，才有可能連詞成句，連句成段，又快又好地完成雅思寫作任務(wù)。
然而在平時(shí)的教學(xué)過程中，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，語法問題成為了不少考生提高雅思寫作成績的絆腳石，甚至一些英語水平相對(duì)不錯(cuò)的考生或是為了追求句子的復(fù)雜性或是由于粗心大意也會(huì)出現(xiàn)類似的問題，因此我們整理了雅思寫作中常見的語法問題，以期提醒廣大考生注意。鑒于篇幅關(guān)系，對(duì)于時(shí)態(tài)混亂、主謂不一致、及物不及物誤用、可數(shù)不可數(shù)單復(fù)數(shù)錯(cuò)誤等問題，這里就不一一贅述了，本文將主要從句子結(jié)構(gòu)層面展開探討。
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1、 <!--[endif]-->串句
串句是不用連詞或標(biāo)點(diǎn)而把兩個(gè)（或以上）獨(dú)立的句子串在一起的錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)。有些串句是不用任何標(biāo)點(diǎn)間隔兩個(gè)甚至更多的句子；有些串句是在該用句號(hào)時(shí)濫用逗號(hào)，忽略了逗號(hào)本身沒有連接句子功能的原則。
No one can deny the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.
There is a general discussion there days over education in many colleges and institutes, one of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.
修改和避免串句錯(cuò)誤的常見方法：
<!--[if supportFields]>?= 1 \* GB3 <![endif]-->①<!--[if supportFields]><![endif]-->用句號(hào)把原句分成兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子；
<!--[if supportFields]>?= 2 \* GB3 <![endif]-->②<!--[if supportFields]><![endif]-->用連詞連接兩個(gè)句子；
<!--[if supportFields]>?= 3 \* GB3 <![endif]-->③<!--[if supportFields]><![endif]-->用分號(hào)連接兩個(gè)句子。
如：
No one can deny the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem, so the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.
There is a general discussion there days over education in many colleges and institutes; one of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2、 <!--[endif]-->破句
破句是把不完整的句子當(dāng)作獨(dú)立的句子來寫時(shí)發(fā)生的錯(cuò)誤。
以下是常見的幾個(gè)破句的例子：
Students should be encouraged to take part-time job. Because it will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.
點(diǎn)評(píng)：從屬連詞引起的破句。常見的從屬連詞有after,unless, even if, even though ,since , before , when (whenever),because, if, who(whoever),while, as (as if ), which(whichever), although , so that, where(wherever), until, that等。像because這樣的從屬連詞開頭的從句是不能單獨(dú)存在的，它依賴于另一個(gè)句子方能使意義完整，也就是說單獨(dú)的從句本身就是破句。
修改后：Students should be encouraged to take part-time job because it will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.
A large number of people think that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Not realizing that a person’s education is a most important aspect of his life.
點(diǎn)評(píng)：分詞引起的破句。當(dāng)分詞出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)短語或句子的開頭時(shí)常常會(huì)產(chǎn)生破句，而這樣的破句往往缺少主語或謂語動(dòng)詞的一部分。
修改后：A large number of people think that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. They fail to realize that a person’s education is a most important aspect of his life.
International travel has given rise to large numbers of employment opportunities. For example, retail, hospitality and transportation.
點(diǎn)評(píng)：增加細(xì)節(jié)引起的破句。往往以下面的詞語開頭：for example, also, except, such as, including, especially, among, like.
修改后：International travel has given rise to large numbers of employment opportunities in retail, hospitality and transportation.
Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control. And also threatening to take already scarce city jobs.
點(diǎn)評(píng)：缺少主語的破句。用and之類連詞打頭的短語或句子居多，可通過使破句依附于前面的句子或加上主語的方式進(jìn)行更正。
修改后：Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and also threatening to take already scarce city jobs.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3、 <!--[endif]-->錯(cuò)誤的平行結(jié)構(gòu)
所謂平行結(jié)構(gòu)，就是指兩個(gè)（或以上）意思并列的成份（包括單詞、詞組、從句和句子）在寫作時(shí)要用同等的語法形式表達(dá)，并保證邏輯上的一致，否則就破壞了其平行結(jié)構(gòu)。
<!--[if supportFields]>?= 1 \* GB3 <![endif]-->①<!--[if supportFields]><![endif]-->錯(cuò)誤的并列
In order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built and which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.
點(diǎn)評(píng)：and who/and which 結(jié)構(gòu)是考生所犯的錯(cuò)誤中最常見但最嚴(yán)重的一種，因?yàn)樗鼘?dǎo)致從句與主句間一種不合邏輯的關(guān)系。
修改后：In order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.
<!--[if supportFields]>?= 2 \* GB3 <![endif]-->②<!--[if supportFields]><![endif]-->一系列平行結(jié)構(gòu)上的不正確使用
Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, offers convenience and it is not very expensive.
點(diǎn)評(píng)：當(dāng)詞或詞組被放在一個(gè)系列時(shí)，它們?cè)谝饬x上和結(jié)構(gòu)上必須都是平行的。
修改后：Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, convenient and inexpensive.
<!--[if supportFields]>?= 3 \* GB3 <![endif]-->③<!--[if supportFields]><![endif]-->錯(cuò)誤的省略
It is commonly thought that modern technology has and will dramatically change our society.
點(diǎn)評(píng)：這種錯(cuò)誤在have/ has ,will, shall結(jié)構(gòu)中較為常見。
修改后：It is commonly thought that modern technology has dramatically changed our society and it will continue.
<!--[if supportFields]>?= 4 \* GB3 <![endif]-->④<!--[if supportFields]><![endif]-->邏輯上的不一致
The percentage of cancerous persons among smokers is significantly higher than non-smokers.
點(diǎn)評(píng)：使用than或as的比較形式，較容易出現(xiàn)不合邏輯的現(xiàn)象。
修改后：The percentage of cancerous persons among smokers is significantly higher than that among non-smokers.
實(shí)際上，雅思寫作所運(yùn)用的語法知識(shí)基本都是中學(xué)所學(xué)的語法內(nèi)容，因此對(duì)于廣大考生，特別是語言基礎(chǔ)相對(duì)薄弱的考生，建議先對(duì)這些基礎(chǔ)語法內(nèi)容進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的復(fù)習(xí)，然后一定要?jiǎng)庸P練習(xí)，通過老師的批改或者利用word等軟件，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己語法方面的漏洞，及時(shí)差漏補(bǔ)缺，做到表達(dá)正確并非難事。
